8,015 research outputs found
Quantum simulation of partially distinguishable boson sampling
Boson Sampling is the problem of sampling from the same output probability
distribution as a collection of indistinguishable single photons input into a
linear interferometer. It has been shown that, subject to certain computational
complexity conjectures, in general the problem is difficult to solve
classically, motivating optical experiments aimed at demonstrating quantum
computational "supremacy". There are a number of challenges faced by such
experiments, including the generation of indistinguishable single photons. We
provide a quantum circuit that simulates bosonic sampling with arbitrarily
distinguishable particles. This makes clear how distinguishabililty leads to
decoherence in the standard quantum circuit model, allowing insight to be
gained. At the heart of the circuit is the quantum Schur transform, which
follows from a representation theoretic approach to the physics of
distinguishable particles in first quantisation. The techniques are quite
general and have application beyond boson sampling.Comment: 25 pages, 4 figures, 2 algorithms, comments welcom
Error probability analysis in quantum tomography: a tool for evaluating experiments
We expand the scope of the statistical notion of error probability, i.e., how
often large deviations are observed in an experiment, in order to make it
directly applicable to quantum tomography. We verify that the error probability
can decrease at most exponentially in the number of trials, derive the explicit
rate that bounds this decrease, and show that a maximum likelihood estimator
achieves this bound. We also show that the statistical notion of
identifiability coincides with the tomographic notion of informational
completeness. Our result implies that two quantum tomographic apparatuses that
have the same risk function, (e.g. variance), can have different error
probability, and we give an example in one qubit state tomography. Thus by
combining these two approaches we can evaluate, in a reconstruction independent
way, the performance of such experiments more discerningly.Comment: 14pages, 2 figures (an analysis of an example is added, and the proof
of Lemma 2 is corrected
An input-output based alternative to 'ecological footprints' for tracking pollution generation in a small open economy
The usefulness, rigour and consistency of Input-Output (IO) as an accounting framework is well known. However, there is concern over the appropriateness of the standard IO attribution approach, particularly when applied to environmental issues (Bicknell et al. 1998). It is often argued that the source and responsibility for pollution should be located in human private or public consumption. An example is the "ecological footprint" approach of Wackernagel and Rees (1996). However, in the standard IO procedure, the pollution attributed to consumption, particularly private consumption, can be small or even zero. Here we attempt to retain the consumption-orientation of the "ecological footprint" method within an IO framework by implementing a neo-classical linear attribution system (NCLAS) which endogenises trade flows. We argue that this approach has practical and conceptual advantages over the "ecological footprint". The NCLAS method is then applied to the small, open economy of Jersey
Additional measures of progress for Scotland : an analysis of the issues and problems associated with aggregate/composite measures of sustainability
the purpose of this paper is to consider the broad set of issues and problems associated with adopting aggregate measures of sustainability. We do this by first considering what we mean when we talk about 'sustainable development' in a policy context and the role that we want sustainability indicators to play. Two broad types of sustainability are identified and we argue that the role of sustainability indicators depends on which type we are concerned with. This also proves to have a bearing on many of the problems and issues commonly associated with composite or aggregate indicators. In order to consider these problems and issues systematically we initially abstract from examination of any specific candidate. Of course GDP is an aggregate measure, involving valuing output at prices that, in perfect markets, reflect the valuations of individuals. indicators. However, in the latter stages of the paper we illustrate our analysis with a number of candidate measures of sustainability
Greening the national accounts for Scotland
Our main finding is that according to green accounting measures, Scotland's development over much of the past 20 years has not, on the whole, matched up to the standards of sustainability. However, the national picture seems to have improved in the recent past
Modelling word meaning using efficient tensor representations
Models of word meaning, built from a corpus of text, have demonstrated success in emulating human performance on a number of cognitive tasks. Many of these models use geometric representations of words to store semantic associations between words. Often word order information is not captured in these models. The lack of structural information used by these models has been raised as a weakness when performing cognitive tasks. This paper presents an efficient tensor based approach to modelling word meaning that builds on recent attempts to encode word order information, while providing flexible methods for extracting task specific semantic information
The impact of Scotlandâs economy on the environment : a response
This is a short response to the paper by Moffatt et al (2005) which comments on some of our earlier work. Our work uses a specific Input-Output (IO) based technique, labelled a Neo-Classical Linear Attribution System (NCLAS), to measure the impact of domestic consumption on the domestic environment. We have presented this as an alternative to the currently popular Ecological Footprint approach
Generating entanglement with linear optics
Entanglement is the basic building block of linear optical quantum
computation, and as such understanding how to generate it in detail is of great
importance for optical architectures. We prove that Bell states cannot be
generated using only 3 photons in the dual-rail encoding, and give strong
numerical evidence for the optimality of the existing 4 photon schemes. In a
setup with a single photon in each input mode, we find a fundamental limit on
the possible entanglement between a single mode Alice and arbitrary Bob. We
investigate and compare other setups aimed at characterizing entanglement in
settings more general than dual-rail encoding. The results draw attention to
the trade-off between the entanglement a state has and the probability of
postselecting that state, which can give surprising constant bounds on
entanglement even with increasing numbers of photons.Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures, 1 table, comments welcom
Randomized benchmarking in measurement-based quantum computing
Randomized benchmarking is routinely used as an efficient method for
characterizing the performance of sets of elementary logic gates in small
quantum devices. In the measurement-based model of quantum computation, logic
gates are implemented via single-site measurements on a fixed universal
resource state. Here we adapt the randomized benchmarking protocol for a single
qubit to a linear cluster state computation, which provides partial, yet
efficient characterization of the noise associated with the target gate set.
Applying randomized benchmarking to measurement-based quantum computation
exhibits an interesting interplay between the inherent randomness associated
with logic gates in the measurement-based model and the random gate sequences
used in benchmarking. We consider two different approaches: the first makes use
of the standard single-qubit Clifford group, while the second uses recently
introduced (non-Clifford) measurement-based 2-designs, which harness inherent
randomness to implement gate sequences.Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, comments welcome; v2 published versio
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